north gate of Caesar's lines round Alesia.[1] Similarly, the earthen fort of Hofheim,[2] irregularly nine-sided, was occupied from about A.D. 40 to 60, and Waldmössingen,[3] irregularly four-sided, likewise dates from the first century.
Defences of the Early Fort
The early fort at Newstead covers, with its defences, an area of 11.97 acres. It was protected by an earthen rampart and ditches. The sections cut through the line of this rampart gave as a rule little information as to its character. For the most part, it doubtless consisted of the earth from the ditch piled up and beaten into a hard mass. This, however, had been thrown back again, when the later fort was built.
